The Federal Government on Monday confirmed one case of
Anthrax disease in a mixed livestock farm in Niger State.
This is the first animal case to be reported in Nigeria
since the beginning of the West Africa outbreak in Ghana in June 2023.
The apex government said further investigation was also
ongoing to trace the source of the infection and to identify the spread to
other farms and humans.
It noted that the risk assessment conducted by the human
health sector showed that the likelihood of an outbreak of anthrax disease in
the country is high, adding that the potential impact of the disease on humans
is high.
Below are some important things to know about the disease
that affects both humans and animals:
1. Anthrax is a severe disease caused by the bacteria –
Bacillus anthracis. It can affect both humans and animals, including wild
animals and livestock such as cows, pigs, camels, sheep, goats, etc. The
bacteria, which exist as spores, can be found in the soil, wool, or hair of
infected animals.
2. Anthrax spores are resistant to extreme conditions and
can survive in the soil or environment for decades, making controlling or
eradicating the disease very difficult. The spores are brought to the surface
by wet weather, by deep digging, or when eaten by livestock or wild animals
when they graze.
3. Anthrax affects humans through skin infection (Direct
contact with infected animals through wounds or cuts); gastrointestinal
(Through eating raw or undercooked meat of infected animals or their products
including milk); and inhalation (breathing in the spores).
4. In animals, anthrax can cause symptoms such as high
fever, weakness, loss of appetite, bleeding from all body openings (nose,
mouth, ears, anus, etc.), swelling and difficulty in breathing, and bloody
diarrhoea. It can lead to sudden death in most cases. The blood of an animal
with anthrax does not clot on slaughter. Also, at slaughter, marked bloating
and quick decay are observed.
5. In humans, depending on the type and route of infection,
anthrax can cause fever, painless skin sores with a black centre that appears
after the blisters, general body weakness, and difficulty in breathing. It can
also cause severe digestive illness that resembles food poisoning.
6. Veterinarians, veterinary laboratory workers, farmers,
abattoir workers, butchers, cattle rearers, livestock producers and traders,
wildlife handlers, hunters, park rangers, processors, importers, and exporters
of hide and skin, animal health workers are at risk of contracting anthrax.
7. People who consume animals (cattle, sheep, and goats)
that were found dead, healthcare workers, diagnostic laboratory workers, and
caregivers who are exposed to patients or their biological specimens are also
at risk of contracting anthrax.
8. Law enforcement officers (Police, Military, Immigration,
Customs, Point of Entry Personnel) and anyone travelling to a location with a
confirmed anthrax case within and outside Nigeria are at risk of contracting
anthrax.
9. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure
against anthrax in livestock.
10. Ensure a clean and safe water supply for livestock and
avoid using water from stagnant sources.
11. Practice biosecurity measures, such as controlling
access to the farm, restricting the movement of animals, and disinfecting
vehicles and equipment entering and leaving the premises.
12. Sick animals should be isolated and strict quarantine
measures implemented to prevent the spread of anthrax to other animals or
humans.
13. Exercise caution when buying cows, camels, sheep, goats,
and other livestock from Nigerian states bordering Benin, Chad, and Niger, and
from Ghana and Togo via waterways.
14. Do not slaughter animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) at
home, rather make use of abattoirs or slaughter slabs.
15. Avoid contact with meat/bush meat or animal by-products
such as skin, hides (ponmo), and milk of a sick or dead animal.
16. Do not slaughter sick animals. Slaughtering the sick
animal can cause significant exposure with the risk of inhalation of the
bacteria by humans around at the time.
17. Do not eat products from sick or dead animals.
18. Carefully observe livestock to be slaughtered for
consumption or sale for signs of ill health before slaughter.
19. If you suspect that you or an animal may have been
exposed to anthrax, quickly seek immediate medical care or call the Federal
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development’s hotline at +234 811 097 2378 or
the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention’s hotline at 6232.
20. Doctors have several options for treating patients with anthrax, including antibiotics and antitoxins. Patients with serious cases of anthrax need to be hospitalised. They may require aggressive treatment, such as continuous fluid drainage and help breathing through mechanical ventilation.
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